Mapping Russian attacks and territorial gains across Ukraine

In the early hours of February 24, 2022, President Putin appeared on Russian state television to announce a “special military operation” against Ukraine. A full-scale invasion of Ukraine came days after the Russian president recognised the breakaway regions of Donetsk and Luhansk as independent states. An operation that was only supposed to last a few months is now entering its fifth year. On the fourth anniversary of Europe’s largest war since 1945, Al Jazeera maps the ground lost and reclaimed, the drone revolution shaping the conflict and the debilitating Russian attacks on Ukraine’s energy infrastructure.